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Curr Pain Headache Rep · Apr 2009
ReviewAre opioids associated with sleep apnea? A review of the evidence.
- James M Walker and Robert J Farney.
- Intermountain Sleep Disorder Center, LDS Hospital, 325 8th Avenue and C Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84143, USA. james.walker@imail.org
- Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009 Apr 1; 13 (2): 120-6.
AbstractChronic opioid use for nonmalignant pain has increased dramatically; nonillicit unintentional deaths have also increased. This article reviews the physiology of breathing, effects of sleep on respiration, effects of opioids on respiration, potential interactions between sleep and opioids on respiration, and current evidence that chronic opioid use is associated with sleep-disordered breathing.
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