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- R Casale, F Atzeni, and P Sarzi-Puttini.
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology & Pain Rehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Institute of Montescano, IRCCS, Foundation Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy. roberto.casale@fsm.it
- Reumatismo. 2012 Jan 1; 64 (4): 238-49.
AbstractThis paper describes the techniques for controlling pain by the physical means that are most widely used clinically, particularly in the case of fibromyalgia. They are grouped on the basis of the physical energy used: mechanical, thermal (including magnetic and electromagnetic), and light (LASER). The main underlying neurophysiological mechanisms are gate activation, the stimulation of descending systems of pain control, and the endogenous opiate system.
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