• John C Karpie and Constance R Chu.
• Cartilage Restoration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
• Am J Sports Med. 2007 Oct 1; 35 (10): 1621-7.

BackgroundIntra-articular lidocaine is commonly used.PurposeThis study was conducted to determine whether short-term exposures to 1% and 2% lidocaine are toxic to articular chondrocytes, whether this is due to pH, and whether an intact articular surface is protective.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsFresh bovine articular chondrocytes in alginate bead cultures were treated with 1% or 2% lidocaine or buffered saline (pH 7.4, 7.0, and 5.0) for 15, 30, or 60 minutes. Chondrocytes were then analyzed for viability by flow cytometry 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 week later. Bovine osteochondral cores with and without the superficial 1 mm of cartilage removed were submerged in either 0.9% saline (pH 7.4) or in 1% or 2% lidocaine for 30 minutes and assessed for viability using fluorescent microscopy.ResultsChondrocyte viability decreased after just 15-minute exposures to 1% lidocaine. Longer exposures to 1% and 2% lidocaine further reduced chondrocyte viability. Chondrotoxicity of 2% lidocaine was greater than 1% lidocaine. There was no difference in chondrocyte viability after exposures to saline solutions of pH 7.4, 7.0, or 5.0. An intact articular surface did not affect lidocaine's chondrotoxic effects.ConclusionResults show dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects of lidocaine on bovine articular chondrocytes. Reduction of pH alone did not decrease chondrocyte viability, and the intact articular surface was not protective.Clinical RelevanceAlthough lidocaine chondrotoxicity was less than previously reported with bupivacaine, these observations suggest that local anesthetics as a class of drugs may negatively affect articular cartilage.

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