• Sebastian Fn Bode, Sandra Ammann, Waleed Al-Herz, Mihaela Bataneant, Christopher C Dvorak, Stephan Gehring, Andrew Gennery, Kimberly C Gilmour, Luis I Gonzalez-Granado, Ute Groß-Wieltsch, Marianne Ifversen, Jenny Lingman-Framme, Susanne Matthes-Martin, Rolf Mesters, Isabelle Meyts, Joris M van Montfrans, Jana Pachlopnik Schmid, Sung-Yun Pai, Pere Soler-Palacin, Uta Schuermann, Volker Schuster, Markus G Seidel, Carsten Speckmann, Polina Stepensky, Karl-Walter Sykora, Bianca Tesi, Thomas Vraetz, Catherine Waruiru, Yenan T Bryceson, Despina Moshous, Kai Lehmberg, Michael B Jordan, Stephan Ehl, and Inborn Errors Working Party of the EBMT.
• Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
• Haematologica. 2015 Jul 1; 100 (7): 978-88.

AbstractHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a hyperinflammatory syndrome defined by clinical and laboratory criteria. Current criteria were created to identify patients with familial hemophagocytic lmyphohistiocytosis in immediate need of immunosuppressive therapy. However, these criteria also identify patients with infection-associated hemophagocytic inflammatory states lacking genetic defects typically predisposing to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. These patients include those with primary immunodeficiencies, in whom the pathogenesis of the inflammatory syndrome may be distinctive and aggressive immunosuppression is contraindicated. To better characterize hemophagocytic inflammation associated with immunodeficiencies, we combined an international survey with a literature search and identified 63 patients with primary immunodeficiencies other than cytotoxicity defects or X-linked lymphoproliferative disorders, presenting with conditions fulfilling current criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Twelve patients had severe combined immunodeficiency with <100/μL T cells, 18 had partial T-cell deficiencies; episodes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis were mostly associated with viral infections. Twenty-two patients had chronic granulomatous disease with hemophagocytic episodes mainly associated with bacterial infections. Compared to patients with cytotoxicity defects, patients with T-cell deficiencies had lower levels of soluble CD25 and higher ferritin concentrations. Other criteria for hemophagocytoc lymphohistiocytosis were not discriminative. Thus: (i) a hemophagocytic inflammatory syndrome fulfilling criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis can be the initial manifestation of primary immunodeficiencies; (ii) this syndrome can develop despite severe deficiency of T and NK cells, implying that the pathophysiology is distinct and not appropriately described as "lympho"-histiocytosis in these patients; and (iii) current criteria for hemophagocytoc lymphohistiocytosis are insufficient to differentiate hemophagocytic inflammatory syndromes with different pathogeneses. This is important because of implications for therapy, in particular for protocols targeting T cells.Copyright© Ferrata Storti Foundation.

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