• Marie T Nolan and Victoria Mock.
• Center for Nursing Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, 525 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. mnolan@son.jhmi.edu
• J Prof Nurs. 2004 Nov 1; 20 (6): 351-60.

AbstractIn this article, we examine emerging themes in the research and theoretical literature on care at the end of life to develop a conceptual framework to guide further research in this area. The integrity of the human person is the organizing concept, and the spiritual domain is at the core of the psychological, physical, and functional domains. This framework extends beyond previous frameworks for care at the end of life by including the relationship of the health professional and the health care organization to the integrity of the person. Also, outcomes in this framework extend beyond quality of life and comfort to include patient decision-making methods and achievement of life goals. Attention is given to the cultural dimension of personhood in our multicultural society, and the definition of end of life is expanded to include both the acute phase of terminal illness and the frailty of health associated with advanced age.

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