• Khodayar Rais-Bahrami and Krisa P Van Meurs.
• Department of Neonatology, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20010. Electronic address: kraisbah@childrensnational.org.
• Semin. Perinatol. 2014 Mar 1; 38 (2): 71-7.

AbstractExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) continues to be an important rescue therapy for newborns with a variety of causes of cardio-respiratory failure unresponsive to high-frequency ventilation, surfactant replacement, and inhaled nitric oxide. There are approximately 800 neonatal respiratory ECMO cases reported annually to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization; venoarterial ECMO has been used in approximately 72% with a cumulative survival of 71% and venovenous has been used in 28% with a survival of 84%. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is now the most common indication for ECMO. This article reviews the development of the two types of extracorporeal support, venoarterial and venovenous ECMO, and discusses the advantages of each method, the current selection criteria, the procedure, and the clinical management of neonates on ECMO.© 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.

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