• U Lehmann, E Rickels, and C Krettek.
• Unfallchirurgische Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl Neubergstr. 1, D-30625 Hannover.
• Unfallchirurg. 2001 Mar 1; 104 (3): 196-209.

AbstractHead injuries are found in 17.6% of all trauma in-patients and are the most common cause of death after injury (26.6%) in Germany. Main factors for the initial and follow up assessment are the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and pupil reaction. These are of a very predictive value for the outcome and are essential for the emergency crew to choose the adequat trauma hospital. Secondary transport to a higher level trauma center is affected by additional risk factors and a delay in diagnosis resp. treatment. This will increase mortality and must be strictly avoided. Sufficient oxygenation and circulation prevent the patient from secondary brain damage. A low GCS (< or = 8 p.) or specific additional injuries are an indication for immediate intubation. The outcome in patients with a systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg on arrival is worse: The longer the time of correction the lower the rate of survival. After resuscitation early fracture treatment depends on hemoglobin concentration, hemostasis, oxygenation, body temperature, injury pattern and on the initial cranial CT scan. Cerebral swelling, seen or expected, is a contraindication for definitive fracture stabilization. After resuscitation reassessment should be done including a second CT scan. Cerebral monitoring is best performed by continuous measuring of the intracranial and the arterial pressure. Their difference determines the cerebral perfusion pressure which should be 60 mmHg at least. Intracranial pressure rates below 20 mmHg are favourable. Optimal management within the first days is essential for good outcome.

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