• Sahar M Siddik-Sayyid, Marie T Aouad, Muhammad H Ibrahim, Samar K Taha, Maud F Nawfal, Youssef J Tfaili, and Roland N Kaddoum.
• Department of Anesthesiology, American University of Beirut - Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
• Paediatr Anaesth. 2016 Aug 1; 26 (8): 823-30.

BackgroundPercutaneous cannulation of the femoral artery in the pediatric age group can be technically challenging, especially when performed by residents in training.ObjectiveWe examined whether the use of real-time ultrasound guidance is superior to a palpation landmark technique for femoral artery catheterization in children undergoing heart surgery.MethodsPatients were prospectively randomized into two groups. In the palpation group, the femoral artery was cannulated using the traditional landmark method of palpation of arterial pulse. In the ultrasound group, cannulation was guided by real-time scanning with an ultrasound probe. Ten minutes were set as time limit for the resident's trials during which the time taken for attempted cannulation (primary outcome), number of attempts, number of successful cannulations on first attempt, and success rate were compared between the two groups. Adverse events were monitored on postoperative days 1 and 3.ResultsA total of 106 patients were included in the study. The time taken for attempted femoral artery cannulation was shorter (301 ± 234 vs 420 ± 248 s; difference in mean: 119; 95% confidence interval (CI) of difference: 26-212; P = 0.012) and the number of attempts was lower [1 (1-10) vs 2 (1-5); difference in median: 1, 95% CI of difference: 0.28-1.72; P = 0.003] in the ultrasound group compared with the palpation group. The number of successful cannulations on first attempt was higher in the ultrasound group compared with palpation group [24/53 (45%) vs 13/53 (25%); odds ratio (OR): 2.54, 95% CI: 1.11-5.82; P = 0.025]. The number of patients who had successful cannulation was 31 of 55 (58%) in the palpation group and 40 of 53 (75%) in the ultrasound group (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 0.95-5.01; P = 0.06). None of the patients had adverse events at days 1 and 3.ConclusionsUltrasound-guided femoral arterial cannulation in children when performed by anesthesia residents is superior to the palpation technique based on the reduction of the time taken for attempted cannulation and the number of attempts, and improvement in first attempt success.© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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