• Hui Xue, Joachim H Ix, Weiling Wang, Steven M Brunelli, Michael Lazarus, Raymond Hakim, and Eduardo Lacson.
• Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. huxue@mail.ucsd.edu
• Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2013 Jan 1; 61 (1): 123-30.

BackgroundHemodialysis (HD) access is considered a critical and actionable determinant of morbidity, with a growing literature suggesting that initial HD access type is an important marker of long-term outcomes. Accordingly, we examined HD access during the incident dialysis period, focusing on infection risk and successful fistula creation during the first dialysis year.Study DesignLongitudinal cohort.Setting & ParticipantsAll US adults admitted to Fresenius Medical Care North America facilities within 15 days of first maintenance dialysis session between January 1 and December 31, 2007.PredictorVascular access type at HD therapy initiation.OutcomesVascular access type at 90 days and at the end of the first year on HD therapy, bloodstream infection within the first year by access type, and catheter complication rate.ResultsOf 25,003 incident dialysis patients studied, 19,622 (78.5%) initiated dialysis with a catheter; 4,151 (16.6%), with a fistula; and 1,230 (4.9%), with a graft. At 90 days, 14,105 (69.7%) had a catheter, 4,432 (21.9%) had a fistula, and 1,705 (8.4%) had a graft. Functioning fistulas and grafts at dialysis therapy initiation had first-year failure rates of 10% and 15%, respectively. Grafts were seldom replaced by fistulas (3%), whereas 7,064 (47.6%) of all patients who initiated with a catheter alone still had only a catheter at 1 year. Overall, 3,327 (13.3%) patients had at least one positive blood culture during follow-up, with the risk being similar between the fistula and graft groups, but approximately 3-fold higher in patients with a catheter (P<0.001 for either comparison). Nearly 1 in 3 catheters (32.5%) will require tissue plasminogen activator use by a median of 41 days, with 59% requiring more than one tissue plasminogen activator administration.LimitationsPotential underestimation of bacteremia because follow-up blood culture results did not include samples sent to local laboratories.ConclusionsIn a large and representative population of incident US dialysis patients, catheter use remains very high during the first year of HD care and is associated with high mechanical complication and bloodstream infection rates.Copyright © 2012 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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