• Nancy Diazgranados, Lobna Ibrahim, Nancy E Brutsche, Andrew Newberg, Phillip Kronstein, Sami Khalife, William A Kammerer, Zenaide Quezado, David A Luckenbaugh, Giacomo Salvadore, Rodrigo Machado-Vieira, Husseini K Manji, and Carlos A Zarate.
• Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
• Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2010 Aug 1; 67 (8): 793-802.

ContextExisting therapies for bipolar depression have a considerable lag of onset of action. Pharmacological strategies that produce rapid antidepressant effects-for instance, within a few hours or days-would have an enormous impact on patient care and public health.ObjectiveTo determine whether an N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antagonist produces rapid antidepressant effects in subjects with bipolar depression.DesignA randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, add-on study conducted from October 2006 to June 2009.SettingMood Disorders Research Unit at the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Patients Eighteen subjects with DSM-IV bipolar depression (treatment-resistant).InterventionsSubjects maintained at therapeutic levels of lithium or valproate received an intravenous infusion of either ketamine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo on 2 test days 2 weeks apart. The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was used to rate subjects at baseline and at 40, 80, 110, and 230 minutes and on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 postinfusion.Main Outcome MeasuresChange in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale primary efficacy measure scores.ResultsWithin 40 minutes, depressive symptoms significantly improved in subjects receiving ketamine compared with placebo (d = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.76); this improvement remained significant through day 3. The drug difference effect size was largest at day 2 (d = 0.80, 95% CI, 0.55-1.04). Seventy-one percent of subjects responded to ketamine and 6% responded to placebo at some point during the trial. One subject receiving ketamine and 1 receiving placebo developed manic symptoms. Ketamine was generally well tolerated; the most common adverse effect was dissociative symptoms, only at the 40-minute point.ConclusionIn patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression, robust and rapid antidepressant effects resulted from a single intravenous dose of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist.

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