• Annelot C Krediet, Nizar Moayeri, Geert-Jan van Geffen, Jörgen Bruhn, Steven Renes, Paul E Bigeleisen, and Gerbrand J Groen.
• From the Department of Anesthesiology (A.C.K.) and Department of Neurosurgery (N.M.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (G.-J.v.G., J.B., S.R.); Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (P.E.B.); and Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Groningen, (G.J.G.).
• Anesthesiology. 2015 Aug 1;123(2):459-74.

AbstractGiven the fast development and increasing clinical relevance of ultrasound guidance for thoracic paravertebral blockade, this review article strives (1) to provide comprehensive information on thoracic paravertebral space anatomy, tailored to the needs of a regional anesthesia practitioner, (2) to interpret ultrasound images of the thoracic paravertebral space using cross-sectional anatomical images that are matched in location and plane, and (3) to briefly describe and discuss different ultrasound-guided approaches to thoracic paravertebral blockade. To illustrate the pertinent anatomy, high-resolution photographs of anatomical cross-sections are used. By using voxel anatomy, it is possible to visualize the needle pathway of different approaches in the same human specimen. This offers a unique presentation of this complex anatomical region and is inherently more realistic than anatomical drawings.

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