• Xue Bai, Timothy C Y Kwok, Isaac N Ip, Jean Woo, Maria Y P Chui, and Florence K Y Ho.
• Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Kowloon , Hong Kong, People's Republic of China ; Jockey Club Centre for Positive Ageing , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
• Health Psychol Behav Med. 2014 Jan 1; 2 (1): 160-170.

AbstractIn both acute care and residential care settings, physical restraints are frequently used in the management of patients, older people in particular. Recently, the negative outcomes of physical restraint use have often been reported, but very limited research effort has been made to examine whether such nursing practice have any adverse effects on patients' length of stay (LOS) in hospitals. The aim of this study was to examine the association between physical restraint use on older patients during hospitalization and their LOS. Medical records of 910 older patients aged 60 years and above admitted to one of the Hong Kong public hospitals in 2007 were randomly selected and recorded during July to September 2011. The recorded items included patients' general health status, physical and cognitive function, the use of physical restraints, and patients' LOS. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to analyze the data. The results indicated that older patients' general health status, physical, and cognitive function were important factors affecting their LOS. Independent of these factors, the physical restraint use was still significantly predictive of longer LOS, and these two blocks of variables together served as an effective model in predicting older patients' LOS in the hospital. Since physical restraint use has been found to be predictive of longer hospital stay, physical restraints should be used with more caution and the use of it should be reduced on older patients in the hospital caring setting. All relevant health care staff should be aware of the negative effects of physical restraint use and should reduce the use of it in hospital caring and nursing home settings.

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