• Jukka Kortelainen, Eero Vayrynen, and Tapio Seppanen.
• Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland. jukka.kortelainen@ee.oulu.fi
• IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2011 Apr 1; 19 (2): 113-20.

AbstractIncreasing concentrations of anesthetics in the blood induce a continuum of neurophysiological changes, which reflect on the electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG-based depth of anesthesia assessment requires that the signal samples are correctly associated with the neurophysiological changes occurring at different anesthetic levels. A novel method is presented to estimate the phase of the continuum using the feature data extracted from EEG. The feature data calculated from EEG sequences corresponding to continuously deepening anesthesia are considered to form a one-dimensional nonlinear manifold in the multidimensional feature space. Utilizing a recently proposed algorithm, Isomap, the dimensionality of the feature data is reduced to achieve a one-dimensional embedding representing this manifold and thereby the continuum of neurophysiological changes during induction of anesthesia. The Isomap-based estimation is validated with data recorded from nine patients during induction of propofol anesthesia. The proposed method provides a novel approach to assess neurophysiological changes during anesthesia and offers potential for the development of more advanced systems for the depth of anesthesia monitoring.

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