-
- P Coulthard, N Patel, E Bailey, and D Armstrong.
- The University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Coupland 3 Building, Coupland Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
- Int J Surg. 2014 Jan 1; 12 (2): 150-5.
AimTo reduce the number of patients experiencing severe postoperative pain by prescribing 10 mg Morphine either as oral solution or by IM injection as an alternative to Tramadol Hydrochloride in an analgesic protocol.Materials And MethodsPatients who received in-patient oral and maxillofacial surgery under general anaesthesia were included. Complex intervention analgesic protocols were developed including staff education, patient educations and analgesic protocols. 80 patients were treated under the original protocol (tramadol hydrochloride for pain unmanaged by other drugs in protocol) over 4 months. 75 patients were treated under the second protocol (oral or intravenous morphine for pain unmanaged by other drugs in protocol). Patient perceptions to their pain management were then assessed.ResultsProportion of patients reporting 'no pain' increased from 5% of 80 patients to 28% of 75 patients (p < 0.001). Report of severe pain reduced from 37% to 31% and not significant. Pain duration reduced from 18% to 12% for 75-100% time from surgery to discharge and not significant. Staff used protocols for 96% patients. Nurses provided patient information leaflets for 85%-80% patients. Nearly all patients (96% and 95%) reported overall satisfaction with their pain management.ConclusionsThe use of morphine given orally or my IM injection rather than tramadol was associated with a significant increase in the number of patients reporting 'no pain'. However the number of patients experiencing severe pain was not significantly reduced. Despite this, most patients reported high levels of satisfaction which suggested that satisfaction questionnaires should not be used in isolation. Most patients received morphine orally rather than by IM injection but the oral dose may not have been high enough in this study.Copyright © 2013 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Notes
Knowledge, pearl, summary or comment to share?You can also include formatting, links, images and footnotes in your notes
- Simple formatting can be added to notes, such as
*italics*
,_underline_
or**bold**
. - Superscript can be denoted by
<sup>text</sup>
and subscript<sub>text</sub>
. - Numbered or bulleted lists can be created using either numbered lines
1. 2. 3.
, hyphens-
or asterisks*
. - Links can be included with:
[my link to pubmed](http://pubmed.com)
- Images can be included with:
![alt text](https://bestmedicaljournal.com/study_graph.jpg "Image Title Text")
- For footnotes use
[^1](This is a footnote.)
inline. - Or use an inline reference
[^1]
to refer to a longer footnote elseweher in the document[^1]: This is a long footnote.
.