• A A Schmaltz, U Neudorf, S Sack, and O Galal.
• Abteilung für Pädiatrische Kardiologie, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universität Essen, Deutschland. achim.schmaltz@uni-essen.de
• Herz. 1999 Jun 1; 24 (4): 293-306.

AbstractThe advancements of cardiac surgery over the last decades led to larger numbers of patients with operated congenital heart diseases surviving into adulthood. In Germany it is estimated that over 120,000 adults have operated congenital heart diseases. Five to 7% of them will need yearly hospital admissions. Interventional procedures are additional tools used to treat these patients with various sequelae or residua (Table 1). In the following review we concentrate on 2 different interventional procedures: dilatation and stent implantations for treatment of stenosis and the different devices used for the closure of shunt lesions. For congenital valvular pulmonary stenosis, balloon dilatation is the therapy of choice regardless the age of the patient. Stent implantation for the treatment of peripheral pulmonary stenosis (e.g., after previous systemic pulmonary shunts) can decrease the need for redo surgery, which is accompanied with increased risk. Stent implantations proved also to be useful to treat stenoses after Mustard patch in patients with transposition of the great arteries, after Fontan procedures or dealing with the rare pulmonary venous stenosis. In contrast, dilatation of bioprosthesis and conduit stenosis are not promising. Balloon dilatation of valvular aortic stenosis is an accepted therapy in childhood up to adolescents. Table 2 compares a surgical series including many infants with critical aortic stenosis with a series of balloon dilatation in children and another one in adults regarding lethality, complications, and results. Table 3 illustrates the immediate and late results of balloon dilatation of aortic coarctation in 3 different studies. The high recurrence rate in infants made clinicians refrain from taking this age group for balloon dilatation. In children and adult patients, good results are reported (75% reduction of gradients). The complication rate is low (2.3 to 3.3%) and aneurysm formation rate seldom (1 to 7%). Stenosed aorto-pulmonary collaterals will rarely need balloon dilatation. Surgical closure of atrial septal defect is a low risk procedure with a very low rate of residual shunts (2%). Of the 5 available devices for transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect Type II, only 2 occluders are in use in Germany, the Clamshell and the Amplatzer device. The largest clinical studies of the different systems, their efficacy, complications and residual shunt rate are presented in Table 4. For the deployment of these occluders a TEE is always needed. There are many more systems in clinical use to close the patent arterial duct (PDA) (Table 5). The Ivalon plug as well as the Rashkind device have probably only historical value. Different types of coils (Gianturco, Cook detachable, PFM) are now in use worldwide. The reason for their widespread use, besides their easy application, is the fact that most coils are relatively cheap and need only small sheaths for deployment. Their further evaluation identified a residual shunt rate of 5% as well as a number of complications (embolization, hemolysis, stenosis of the left pulmonary artery) in 0 to 6%. For the large PDA the Amplatzer device has recently been introduced. An additional indication for the use of the different occluding devices are aorto-pulmonary collaterals, venovenous fistulae, pulmonary or coronary artery fistulae. Aorto-pulmonary collaterals are often associated with complex cardiac lesions and occasionally appear after palliative procedures. An excellent cooperation between adult and pediatric cardiologists is needed in order to offer the group of adults with congenital heart diseases an adequate and comprehensive management.

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