• Manoj Valiyaveettil, Yonas A Alamneh, Ying Wang, Peethambaran Arun, Samuel Oguntayo, Yanling Wei, Joseph B Long, and Madhusoodana P Nambiar.
• Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Electronic address: m.valiyaveettil@us.army.mil.
• Brain Res. 2014 Feb 26; 1549: 32-41.

AbstractRepeated blast exposures commonly induce traumatic brain injury (TBI) characterized by diffuse axonal injury (DAI). We hypothesized that degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in the brain can lead to DAI, and evaluated α-II spectrin degradation in the pathophysiology of blast-induced TBI using the tightly-coupled three repetitive blast exposure mice model with a 1-30 min window in between exposures. Degradation of α-II spectrin and the expression profiles of caspase-3 and calpain-2, the major enzymes involved in the degradation were analyzed in the frontal cortex and cerebellum using Western blotting with specific antibodies. DAI at different brain regions was evaluated by neuropathology with silver staining. Repeated blast exposures resulted in significant increases in the α-II spectrin degradation products in the frontal cortex and cerebellum compared to sham controls. Expression of active caspase-3, which degrades α-II spectrin, showed significant increase in the frontal cortex after blast exposure at all the time points studied, while cerebellum showed an acute increase which was normalized over time. The expression of another α-II spectrin degrading enzyme, calpain-2, showed a rapid increase in the frontal cortex after blast exposure and it was significantly higher in the cerebellum at later time points. Neuropathological analysis showed significant levels of DAI at the frontal cortex and cerebellum at multiple time points after repeated blast injury. In summary, repeated blast exposure results in specific degradation of α-II spectrin in the brain along with differential expression of caspase-3/calpain-2 suggesting cytoskeletal breakdown as a possible contributor of DAI after repeated blast exposure.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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