• Nathalie Wrobel, Tahmine Fadai, Christian Sprenger, Johannes Hebebrand, Katja Wiech, and Ulrike Bingel.
• Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: n.wrobel@uke.de.
• J Pain. 2015 Oct 1; 16 (10): 1005-11.

UnlabelledThere is little information regarding changes in placebo responsiveness with age, although first predictors of placebo responders such as psychological and physiological processes have been identified. Reviews and meta-analyses indicate that placebo response rates in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are higher in children and adolescents compared with adults. As these studies cannot control for age-dependent differences in the natural course of the disease, biases might contribute to different placebo rates in RCTs. To avoid these biases, this study investigated age-related differences in placebo responsiveness between children and adults in a well-established experimental model of placebo analgesia combining classic conditioning and expectation. Our data confirm placebo analgesic responses in children, which did not differ in magnitude from those of adults. The influence of previous experience on subsequent treatment outcome was stronger in children than in adults, indicating an increased relevance of learning processes for treatment outcomes in children. Further studies are needed to understand the influence of treatment-related learning processes in children and adolescents, which might critically determine treatment responsiveness during adulthood.PerspectiveThis study is the first to experimentally explore placebo analgesia and influences of previous experience on placebo responses in children compared with adults. We found comparable placebo responses in both groups and an increased relevance of learning processes for treatment outcomes in children.Copyright © 2015 American Pain Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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