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- Kimberley Smith, Richard P Mattick, Raimondo Bruno, Suzanne Nielsen, Milton Cohen, Gabrielle Campbell, Briony Larance, Michael Farrell, and Louisa Degenhardt.
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- J Affect Disord. 2015 Sep 15; 184: 72-80.
Background And AimsPharmaceutical opioid prescription rates are increasing globally, however knowledge of their long-term effects on mental health, in particular depression remains limited. This study aimed to identify factors associated with the onset of depression post-opioid use that differ to factors associated with depression post-pain.MethodParticipants (N = 1418) were a national sample prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. Age at onset of depression, pain and commencement of opioid medications were collected via structured interview.ResultsSix in 10 (61%) reported lifetime depression; of those, almost half developed depression after pain and after they started opioid medications (48%). Variables associated with post-opioid depression included lower pain self-efficacy and poorer social support, younger onset of opioid use, and difficulties and concerns with opioid medications.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the importance of monitoring for the emergence of mood dysfunction, particularly for those starting opioids for pain at a younger age, and consideration of psychological treatments that address self-efficacy that appears to be associated with post-opioid depression.Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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