• Jeffrey D Stanaway, Abraham D Flaxman, Mohsen Naghavi, Christina Fitzmaurice, Theo Vos, Ibrahim Abubakar, Laith J Abu-Raddad, Reza Assadi, Neeraj Bhala, Benjamin Cowie, Mohammad H Forouzanfour, Justina Groeger, HanafiahKhayriyyah MohdKMCentre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia., Kathryn H Jacobsen, Spencer L James, Jennifer MacLachlan, Reza Malekzadeh, Natasha K Martin, Ali A Mokdad, Ali H Mokdad, MurrayChristopher J LCJLInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA., Dietrich Plass, Saleem Rana, David B Rein, Jan Hendrik Richardus, Juan Sanabria, Mete Saylan, Saeid Shahraz, Samuel So, Vasiliy V Vlassov, Elisabete Weiderpass, Steven T Wiersma, Mustafa Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, and Graham S Cooke.
• Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: stanaway@uw.edu.
• Lancet. 2016 Sep 10; 388 (10049): 108110881081-1088.

BackgroundWith recent improvements in vaccines and treatments against viral hepatitis, an improved understanding of the burden of viral hepatitis is needed to inform global intervention strategies. We used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study to estimate morbidity and mortality for acute viral hepatitis, and for cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by viral hepatitis, by age, sex, and country from 1990 to 2013.MethodsWe estimated mortality using natural history models for acute hepatitis infections and GBD's cause-of-death ensemble model for cirrhosis and liver cancer. We used meta-regression to estimate total cirrhosis and total liver cancer prevalence, as well as the proportion of cirrhosis and liver cancer attributable to each cause. We then estimated cause-specific prevalence as the product of the total prevalence and the proportion attributable to a specific cause. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs).FindingsBetween 1990 and 2013, global viral hepatitis deaths increased from 0·89 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·86-0·94) to 1·45 million (1·38-1·54); YLLs from 31·0 million (29·6-32·6) to 41·6 million (39·1-44·7); YLDs from 0·65 million (0·45-0·89) to 0·87 million (0·61-1·18); and DALYs from 31·7 million (30·2-33·3) to 42·5 million (39·9-45·6). In 2013, viral hepatitis was the seventh (95% UI seventh to eighth) leading cause of death worldwide, compared with tenth (tenth to 12th) in 1990.InterpretationViral hepatitis is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Unlike most communicable diseases, the absolute burden and relative rank of viral hepatitis increased between 1990 and 2013. The enormous health loss attributable to viral hepatitis, and the availability of effective vaccines and treatments, suggests an important opportunity to improve public health.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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