• Alisia A Mitchell, Anne J Sapienza-Crawford, Kari L Hanley, Kristi J Lokey, Linda Wells, Gladstone C McDowell, and Michael Stanton-Hicks.
• Integrated Pain Solutions, Westerville, OH 43081, USA. amitchell@cons-inc.com
• Pain Manag Nurs. 2013 Sep 1;14(3):e84-94.

AbstractSome patients with chronic pain who are intolerant of or refractory to treatment with systemic analgesics may benefit from intrathecal therapy. Ziconotide is the first nonopioid analgesic approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for intrathecal administration. Several randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of ziconotide. However, the maximum recommended dosing and titration schedule provided in the prescribing information may be too aggressive for some patients, and experience has demonstrated that ziconotide is better tolerated with slower titration to a lower maximum dose. Efficacy can be assessed by an evaluation of changes in pain, functionality, and quality of life. Cognitive adverse events may be subtle; therefore, it is important that health care professionals not only monitor patients for signs and symptoms of cognitive adverse events, but also teach family members how to do the same. Careful patient assessment and monitoring can help optimize the potential benefit from treatment with ziconotide.Copyright © 2013 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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