• Timothy E Lum, Rollin J Fairbanks, Elliot C Pennington, and Frank L Zwemer.
• Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY 14642, USA.
• Acad Emerg Med. 2005 Jul 1; 12 (7): 658-62.

AbstractThis article uses a case report and discussion to demonstrate the concept of active and latent failures, and the "systems approach" to the reduction of adverse events in medicine. The case involves an inadvertently misplaced and retained guidewire during femoral vein catheterization using the Seldinger technique, and the subsequent failure to identify the guidewire in the chest despite several chest radiographs and a computed tomography (CT) scan read by radiologists, emergency physicians, and intensivists. This event reveals active failures in the performance of the Seldinger technique, latent failures in the design of the catheter kit, and problems with the current system of interpretation of radiographs. The authors conclude that the design of the catheter kit and the Seldinger technique should be critically examined from a human factors standpoint and that radiographic interpretation is still heavily subject to human error.

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