• Reena Khantwal Joshi, Neeraj Aggarwal, Mridul Agarwal, Veronique Dinand, and Raja Joshi.
• Departments of Pediatric Cardiac Sciences, New Delhi, India. Electronic address: reenakjoshi@yahoo.com.
• J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2016 Dec 1; 30 (6): 1530-1538.

ObjectiveTo delineate risk factors for failure of extubation in the operating room among pediatric cardiac surgery patients.DesignProspective, observational study.SettingSingle center, tertiary care, teaching hospital.ParticipantsThe study comprised 448 congenital cardiac surgery patients who were enrolled for intended extubation in the pediatric cardiac operating room over 5 years.InterventionsThe airways of enrolled patients were extubated in the operating room if predetermined suitability criteria were met. If the criteria were not met, patients were transferred to the intensive care unit with an endotracheal tube in situ. Patients whose airways were extubated successfully were followed up to determine specifically whether reintubation or use of noninvasive ventilation was necessary post-procedure.Measurements And Main ResultsThe airways of 92% (412) patients were extubated in the operating room. Incidence of reintubation in the intensive care unit was 2.4%. There were 4 mortalities in the whole group. A 100% success rate for operating room extubation was achieved for patients in Risk Adjusted Congenital Heart Surgery category 1, and patients undergoing adult congenital cardiac disease surgery and redo sternotomy. The airways of 85% of patients with preoperative pulmonary hypertension were extubated in the operating room. Statistical analysis was applied to identify risk factors present in the group that made extubation in the operating room unachievable.ConclusionsExtubation in the operating room was successful in a majority of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Multivariate analysis identified weight<5 kg, age<1 year, cardiopulmonary bypass time>120 minutes, and presence of significant noncardiac structural anomalies as significant factors affecting extubation in the operating room, with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 10 (2.7-37), 7.2 (2-22), 5.5 (1.7-17.7), and 3.3 (1.2-9.3), respectively. Pulmonary hypertension, redo sternotomy, higher Risk Adjusted Congenital Heart Surgery category, and aortic clamp time>60 minutes did not achieve significance in the multivariate analysis as risk factors for extubation in the operating room.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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