• Chidozie Emmanuel Mbada, Opeyemi Ayodiipo Idowu, Olawale Richard Ogunjimi, Olusola Ayanniyi, Elkanah Ayodele Orimolade, Ajibola Babatunde Oladiran, Olubusola Esther Johnson, Adesanmi Akinsulore, and Temitope Olawale Oni.
• *Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria †African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya ‡Department of Physiotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria §Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria ¶Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ||Orthopaedic and Trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, State Specialist Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria **Department of Mental Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
• Spine. 2017 Apr 1; 42 (7): 497-503.

Study DesignA translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric analysis.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Yoruba version of the RMDQ.Summary Of Background DataThe Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) is a valid outcome tool for low back pain (LBP) in clinical and research settings. There seems to be no valid and reliable version of the RMDQ in the Nigerian languages.MethodsFollowing the Guillemin criteria, the English version of the RMDQ was forward and back translated. Two Yoruba translated versions of the RMDQ were assessed for clarity, common language usage, and conceptual equivalence. Consequently, a harmonized Yoruba version was produced and was pilot-tested among 20 patients with nonspecific long-term LBP (NSLBP) for cognitive debriefing. The final version of the Yoruba RMDQ was tested for its construct validity and re-retest reliability among 120 and 87 patients with NSLBP, respectively.ResultsPearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) of 0.82 was obtained for reliability of the Yoruba version of the RMDQ. The test-retest reliability of the Yoruba RMDQ yielded Cronbach alpha 0.932, while the intraclass correlation (ICC) ranged between 0.896 and 0.956. The analysis of the global scores of both the English and Yoruba versions of the RMDQ yielded ICC value of between 0.995 (95% confidence interval 0.996-0.997), with the item-by-item Kappa agreement ranging between 0.824 and 1.000. The external validity of RMDQ using Quadruple Visual Analogue Scale was r = -0.596 (P = 0.001). The Yoruba version of the RMDQ had no floor/ceiling effects, as no patient achieved either of the maximum or the minimum possible scores.ConclusionThe Yoruba version of the RMDQ has excellent reliability and validity and may be an appropriate outcome tool for clinical and research purposes among Yoruba-speaking patients with LBP.Level Of Evidence3.

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