• Giovanni Landoni, Antonio Pisano, Vladimir Lomivorotov, Gabriele Alvaro, Ludhmila Hajjar, Gianluca Paternoster, Nigro NetoCaetanoCDante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sao Paulo, Brazil., Nicola Latronico, Evgeny Fominskiy, Laura Pasin, Gabriele Finco, Rosetta Lobreglio, Maria Luisa Azzolini, Giuseppe Buscaglia, Alberto Castella, Marco Comis, Adele Conte, Massimiliano Conte, Francesco Corradi, Erika Dal Checco, Giovanni De Vuono, Marco Ganzaroli, Eugenio Garofalo, Gordana Gazivoda, Rosalba Lembo, Daniele Marianello, Martina Baiardo Redaelli, Fabrizio Monaco, Valentina Tarzia, Marta Mucchetti, Alessandro Belletti, Paolo Mura, Mario Musu, Giovanni Pala, Massimiliano Paltenghi, Vadim Pasyuga, Desiderio Piras, Claudio Riefolo, Agostino Roasio, Laura Ruggeri, Francesco Santini, Andrea Székely, Luigi Verniero, Antonella Vezzani, Alberto Zangrillo, and Rinaldo Bellomo.
• Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: landoni.giovanni@hsr.it.
• J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2017 Apr 1; 31 (2): 719-730.

ObjectiveOf the 230 million patients undergoing major surgical procedures every year, more than 1 million will die within 30 days. Thus, any nonsurgical interventions that help reduce perioperative mortality might save thousands of lives. The authors have updated a previous consensus process to identify all the nonsurgical interventions, supported by randomized evidence, that may help reduce perioperative mortality.Design And SettingA web-based international consensus conference.ParticipantsThe study comprised 500 clinicians from 61 countries.InterventionsA systematic literature search was performed to identify published literature about nonsurgical interventions, supported by randomized evidence, showing a statistically significant impact on mortality. A consensus conference of experts discussed eligible papers. The interventions identified by the conference then were submitted to colleagues worldwide through a web-based survey.Measurements And Main ResultsThe authors identified 11 interventions contributing to increased survival (perioperative hemodynamic optimization, neuraxial anesthesia, noninvasive ventilation, tranexamic acid, selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract, insulin for tight glycemic control, preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump, leuko-depleted red blood cells transfusion, levosimendan, volatile agents, and remote ischemic preconditioning) and 2 interventions showing increased mortality (beta-blocker therapy and aprotinin). Interventions then were voted on by participating clinicians. Percentages of agreement among clinicians in different countries differed significantly for 6 interventions, and a variable gap between evidence and clinical practice was noted.ConclusionsThe authors identified 13 nonsurgical interventions that may decrease or increase perioperative mortality, with variable agreement by clinicians. Such interventions may be optimal candidates for investigation in high-quality trials and discussion in international guidelines to reduce perioperative mortality.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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