• Naiyer A Rizvi, Julien Mazières, David Planchard, Thomas E Stinchcombe, Grace K Dy, Scott J Antonia, Leora Horn, Hervé Lena, Elisa Minenza, Bertrand Mennecier, Gregory A Otterson, Luis T Campos, David R Gandara, Benjamin P Levy, Suresh G Nair, Gérard Zalcman, Jürgen Wolf, SouquetPierre-JeanPJHospices Civils de Lyon, Ch Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, France., Editta Baldini, Federico Cappuzzo, Christos Chouaid, Afshin Dowlati, Rachel Sanborn, Ariel Lopez-Chavez, Christian Grohe, Rudolf M Huber, Christopher T Harbison, Christine Baudelet, Brian J Lestini, and Suresh S Ramalingam.
• Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: nar2144@cumc.columbia.edu.
• Lancet Oncol. 2015 Mar 1; 16 (3): 257-65.

BackgroundPatients with squamous non-small-cell lung cancer that is refractory to multiple treatments have poor outcomes. We assessed the activity of nivolumab, a fully human IgG4 PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody, for patients with advanced, refractory, squamous non-small-cell lung cancer.MethodsWe did this phase 2, single-arm trial at 27 sites (academic, hospital, and private cancer centres) in France, Germany, Italy, and USA. Patients who had received two or more previous treatments received intravenous nivolumab (3 mg/kg) every 2 weeks until progression or unacceptable toxic effects. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a confirmed objective response as assessed by an independent radiology review committee. We included all treated patients in the analyses. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01721759.FindingsBetween Nov 16, 2012, and July 22, 2013, we enrolled and treated 117 patients. 17 (14·5%, 95% CI 8·7-22·2) of 117 patients had an objective response as assessed by an independent radiology review committee. Median time to response was 3·3 months (IQR 2·2-4·8), and median duration of response was not reached (95% CI 8·31-not applicable); 13 (77%) of 17 of responses were ongoing at the time of analysis. 30 (26%) of 117 patients had stable disease (median duration 6·0 months, 95% CI 4·7-10·9). 20 (17%) of 117 patients reported grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events, including: fatigue (five [4%] of 117 patients), pneumonitis (four [3%]), and diarrhoea (three [3%]). There were two treatment-associated deaths caused by pneumonia and ischaemic stroke that occurred in patients with multiple comorbidities in the setting of progressive disease.InterpretationNivolumab has clinically meaningful activity and a manageable safety profile in previously treated patients with advanced, refractory, squamous non-small cell lung cancer. These data support the assessment of nivolumab in randomised, controlled, phase 3 studies of first-line and second-line treatment.FundingBristol-Myers Squibb.Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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