• C Michael Gibson, Roxana Mehran, Christoph Bode, Jonathan Halperin, Freek W Verheugt, Peter Wildgoose, Mary Birmingham, Juliana Ianus, Paul Burton, Martin van Eickels, Serge Korjian, Yazan Daaboul, Gregory Y H Lip, Marc Cohen, Steen Husted, Eric D Peterson, and Keith A Fox.
• From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.M.G., S.K., Y.D.); the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M., J.H.); Heart Center, Department for Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C.B.), and Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen (M.E.) - both in Germany; Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam (F.W.V.); Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville (P.W., M.B., J.I., P.B.), and the Division of Cardiology, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark (M.C.) - both in New Jersey; University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Aarhus University Hospital, Medical Department, Hospital Unit West, Herning, Denmark (S.H.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); and the Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.F.).
• N. Engl. J. Med. 2016 Dec 22; 375 (25): 242324342423-2434.

BackgroundIn patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with placement of stents, standard anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist plus dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with a P2Y12 inhibitor and aspirin reduces the risk of thrombosis and stroke but increases the risk of bleeding. The effectiveness and safety of anticoagulation with rivaroxaban plus either one or two antiplatelet agents are uncertain.MethodsWe randomly assigned 2124 participants with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who had undergone PCI with stenting to receive, in a 1:1:1 ratio, low-dose rivaroxaban (15 mg once daily) plus a P2Y12 inhibitor for 12 months (group 1), very-low-dose rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) plus DAPT for 1, 6, or 12 months (group 2), or standard therapy with a dose-adjusted vitamin K antagonist (once daily) plus DAPT for 1, 6, or 12 months (group 3). The primary safety outcome was clinically significant bleeding (a composite of major bleeding or minor bleeding according to Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] criteria or bleeding requiring medical attention).ResultsThe rates of clinically significant bleeding were lower in the two groups receiving rivaroxaban than in the group receiving standard therapy (16.8% in group 1, 18.0% in group 2, and 26.7% in group 3; hazard ratio for group 1 vs. group 3, 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47 to 0.76; P<0.001; hazard ratio for group 2 vs. group 3, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.80; P<0.001). The rates of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke were similar in the three groups (Kaplan-Meier estimates, 6.5% in group 1, 5.6% in group 2, and 6.0% in group 3; P values for all comparisons were nonsignificant).ConclusionsIn participants with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI with placement of stents, the administration of either low-dose rivaroxaban plus a P2Y12 inhibitor for 12 months or very-low-dose rivaroxaban plus DAPT for 1, 6, or 12 months was associated with a lower rate of clinically significant bleeding than was standard therapy with a vitamin K antagonist plus DAPT for 1, 6, or 12 months. The three groups had similar efficacy rates, although the observed broad confidence intervals diminish the surety of any conclusions regarding efficacy. (Funded by Janssen Scientific Affairs and Bayer Pharmaceuticals; PIONEER AF-PCI ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01830543 .).

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