• Alan F Merry, Jacqueline A Hannam, Craig S Webster, Kylie-Ellen Edwards, Jane Torrie, Chris Frampton, Daniel W Wheeler, Arun K Gupta, Ravi P Mahajan, Rachel Evley, and Jennifer M Weller.
• From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.F.M., J.A.H., J.T.), Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (C.S.W., J.M.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Anaesthetic Department, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (K.-E.E.); Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand (C.F.); University Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.W.W.); Department of Anaesthesia, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.K.G.); and Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (R.P.M., R.E.).
• Anesthesiology. 2017 Mar 1; 126 (3): 472-481.

BackgroundSimulation has been used to investigate clinical questions in anesthesia, surgery, and related disciplines, but there are few data demonstrating that results apply to clinical settings. We asked "would results of a simulation-based study justify the same principal conclusions as those of a larger clinical study?"MethodsWe compared results from a randomized controlled trial in a simulated environment involving 80 cases at three centers with those from a randomized controlled trial in a clinical environment involving 1,075 cases. In both studies, we compared conventional methods of anesthetic management with the use of a multimodal system (SAFERsleep; Safer Sleep LLC, Nashville, Tennessee) designed to reduce drug administration errors. Forty anesthesiologists each managed two simulated scenarios randomized to conventional methods or the new system. We compared the rate of error in drug administration or recording for the new system versus conventional methods in this simulated randomized controlled trial with that in the clinical randomized controlled trial (primary endpoint). Six experts were asked to indicate a clinically relevant effect size.ResultsIn this simulated randomized controlled trial, mean (95% CI) rates of error per 100 administrations for the new system versus conventional groups were 6.0 (3.8 to 8.3) versus 11.6 (9.3 to 13.8; P = 0.001) compared with 9.1 (6.9 to 11.4) versus 11.6 (9.3 to 13.9) in the clinical randomized controlled trial (P = 0.045). A 10 to 30% change was considered clinically relevant. The mean (95% CI) difference in effect size was 27.0% (-7.6 to 61.6%).ConclusionsThe results of our simulated randomized controlled trial justified the same primary conclusion as those of our larger clinical randomized controlled trial, but not a finding of equivalence in effect size.

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