• Grace L Lu-Yao, Peter C Albertsen, Dirk F Moore, Yong Lin, Robert S DiPaola, and Siu-Long Yao.
• Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Electronic address: luyaogr@cinj.rutgers.edu.
• Eur. Urol. 2015 Nov 1; 68 (5): 805-11.

BackgroundTo understand the threat posed by localized prostate cancer and the potential impact of surgery or radiation, patients and healthcare providers require information on long-term outcomes following conservative management.ObjectiveTo describe 15-yr survival outcomes and cancer therapy utilization among men 65 years and older managed conservatively for newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer.Design, Settings, And ParticipantsThis is a population-based cohort study with participants living in predefined geographic areas covered by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. The study includes 31 137 Medicare patients aged ≥65 yr diagnosed with localized prostate cancer in 1992-2009 who initially received conservative management (no surgery, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, or androgen deprivation therapy [ADT]). All patients were followed until death or December 31, 2009 (for prostate cancer-specific mortality [PCSM]) and December 31, 2011 (for overall mortality).Outcome Measurements And Statistical AnalysisCompeting-risk analyses were used to examine PCSM, overall mortality, and utilization of cancer therapies.Results And LimitationsThe 15-yr risk of PCSM for men aged 65-74 yr diagnosed with screening-detected prostate cancer was 5.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.7-8.0%) for T1c Gleason 5-7 and 22% (95% CI 16-35%) for Gleason 8-10 disease. After 15 yr of follow-up, 24% (95% CI 21-27%) of men aged 65-74 yr with screening-detected Gleason 5-7 cancer received ADT. The corresponding result for men with Gleason 8-10 cancer was 38% (95% CI 32-44%). The major study limitations are the lack of data for men aged <65 yr and detailed clinical information associated with secondary cancer therapy.ConclusionsThe 15-yr outcomes following conservative management of newly diagnosed Gleason 5-7 prostate cancer among men aged ≥65 yr are excellent. Men with Gleason 8-10 disease managed conservatively face a significant risk of PCSM.Patient SummaryWe examined the long-term survival outcomes for a large group of patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer who did not have surgery, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, or androgen deprivation therapy in the first 6 mo after cancer diagnosis. We found that the 15-yr disease-specific survival is excellent for men diagnosed with Gleason 5-7 disease. The data support conservative management as a reasonable choice for elderly patients with low-grade localized prostate cancer.Copyright © 2015 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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