• Mendwas D Dzingina, Charles C Reilly, Claudia Bausewein, Caroline J Jolley, John Moxham, Paul McCrone, Irene J Higginson, and Deokhee Yi.
• 1 Cicely Saunders Institute, Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK.
• Palliat Med. 2017 Apr 1; 31 (4): 369-377.

BackgroundRefractory breathlessness in advanced chronic disease leads to high levels of disability, anxiety and social isolation. These result in high health-resource use, although this is not quantified.AimsTo measure the cost of care for patients with advanced disease and refractory breathlessness and to identify factors associated with high costs.DesignA cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial.Setting/ParticipantsPatients with advanced chronic disease and refractory breathlessness recruited from three National Health Service hospitals and via general practitioners in South London.ResultsOf 105 patients recruited, the mean cost of formal care was £3253 (standard deviation £3652) for 3 months. The largest contributions to formal-care cost were hospital admissions (>60%), and palliative care contributed <1%. When informal care was included, the total cost increased by >250% to £11,507 (standard deviation £9911). Increased patient disability resulting from breathlessness was associated with high cost (£629 per unit increase in disability score; p = 0.006). Increased breathlessness on exertion and the presence of an informal carer were also significantly associated with high cost. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease tended to have higher healthcare costs than other patients.ConclusionInformal carers contribute significantly to the care of patients with advanced disease and refractory breathlessness. Disability resulting from breathlessness is an important clinical cost driver. It is important for policy makers to support and acknowledge the contributions of informal carers. Further research is required to assess the clinical- and cost-effectiveness of palliative care interventions in reducing disability resulting from breathlessness in this patient group.

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