• Shane R Mueller, Stephen Koester, Jason M Glanz, Edward M Gardner, and Ingrid A Binswanger.
• Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, 10065 E. Harvard Ave., Suite 300, Denver, CO, 80231, USA. Shane.Mueller@kp.org.
• J Gen Intern Med. 2017 Mar 1; 32 (3): 277283277-283.

BackgroundOver the last 2 decades, medical providers have increasingly prescribed pharmaceutical opioids for chronic non-cancer pain, while opioid overdose death rates have quadrupled. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, can be prescribed to patients with chronic pain to reverse an opioid overdose, yet little is known about how patients perceive this emerging practice.ObjectiveThis study assessed the knowledge and attitudes toward naloxone prescribing among non-cancer patients prescribed opioids in primary care.DesignQualitative study design using semi-structured interviews.ParticipantsAdults (N = 24) prescribed high-dose (≥100 morphine mg equivalent daily dose) chronic opioid therapy in eight primary care internal medicine, family medicine and HIV practices in three large Colorado health systems.ApproachInductive and deductive methods were used to analyze interview transcripts.Key ResultsThemes emerged related to knowledge of and benefits, barriers and facilitators to naloxone in primary care. Patients reported receiving limited education about opioid medication risks from providers and limited knowledge of naloxone. When provided with a description of naloxone, patients recognized its ability to reverse overdoses. In addition to pragmatic barriers, such as medication cost, barriers to naloxone acceptance included the perception that overdose risk stems from medication misuse and that providers might infer that they were misusing their opioid medication if they accepted a naloxone prescription, prompting an opioid taper. Facilitators to the acceptance of naloxone included medical providers' using empowering, non-judgmental communication practices, framing naloxone for use in "worst case scenarios" and providing education and training about opioids and naloxone.ConclusionsWhile patients recognized the utility of naloxone prescribing, we identified important barriers to patient acceptance of naloxone prescribing. To improve the naloxone prescribing acceptability in primary care practice, medical providers and health systems may need to enhance patient education, employ empowering, non-judgmental communication styles and adequately frame discussions about naloxone to address patients' fears.

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