• Nikolaos Antonakos, Thomas Tsaganos, Volker Oberle, Iraklis Tsangaris, Malvina Lada, Aikaterini Pistiki, Nikolaos Machairas, Maria Souli, Michael Bauer, and Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis.
• 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
• Crit Care. 2017 Mar 9; 21 (1): 48.

BackgroundFailure of circulating monocytes for adequate cytokine production is a trait of sepsis-induced immunosuppression; however, its duration and association with final outcome are poorly understood.MethodsWe conducted a substudy of a large randomised clinical trial. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated within the first 24 h from the onset of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in 95 patients with microbiologically confirmed or clinically suspected gram-negative infections. Isolation was repeated on days 3, 7 and 10. PBMCs were stimulated for cytokine production. The study endpoints were the differences between survivors and non-survivors, the persistence of immunosuppression, and determination of admission clinical signs that can lead to early identification of the likelihood of immunosuppression.ResultsPBMCs of survivors produced significantly greater concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after day 3. Using ROC analysis, we found that TNF-α production less than 250 pg/ml after lipopolysaccharide stimulation on day 3 could discriminate patients from healthy control subjects; this was associated with a 5.18 OR of having an unfavourable outcome (p = 0.046). This trait persisted as long as day 10. Logistic regression analysis showed that cardiovascular failure on admission was the only independent predictor of defective TNF-α production on day 3.ConclusionsDefective TNF-α production is a major trait of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. It is associated with significant risk for unfavourable outcome and persists until day 10. Cardiovascular failure on admission is predictive of defective TNF-α production during follow-up.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01223690 . Registered on 18 October 2010.

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