• The lancet oncology · Feb 2014

    Review

    Opium use: an emerging risk factor for cancer?

    • Farin Kamangar, Ramin Shakeri, Reza Malekzadeh, and Farhad Islami.
    • Department of Public Health Analysis, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: farin.kamangar@morgan.edu.
    • Lancet Oncol. 2014 Feb 1; 15 (2): e69-77.

    AbstractAn estimated 16·5 million people worldwide illicitly use opiates, of whom 4 million use raw opium. We did a systematic review to investigate the association between opium use and cancer incidence and mortality. Opium use was associated with an increased risk of cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, larynx, lung, and urinary bladder. Although the present evidence suggests that these associations are possibly causal, further epidemiological studies (particularly prospective studies that collect detailed data about lifetime opium use and control for a broad range of potential confounders) are needed. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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