• Frédéric Vargas, Marc Clavel, Pascale Sanchez-Verlan, Sylvain Garnier, Alexandre Boyer, Hoang-Nam Bui, Benjamin Clouzeau, Charline Sazio, Aissa Kerchache, Olivier Guisset, Antoine Benard, Julien Asselineau, Bernard Gauche, Didier Gruson, Stein Silva, Philippe Vignon, and Gilles Hilbert.
• Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin-Tripode, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, 1 Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux, France. frederic.vargas@chu-bordeaux.fr.
• Intensive Care Med. 2017 Nov 1; 43 (11): 1626-1636.

PurposeEarly noninvasive ventilation (NIV) after extubation decreases the risk of respiratory failure and lowers 90-day mortality in patients with hypercapnia. Patients with chronic respiratory disease are at risk of extubation failure. Therefore, it could be useful to determine the role of NIV with a discontinuous approach, not limited to patients with hypercapnia. We assessed the efficacy of early NIV in decreasing respiratory failure after extubation in patients with chronic respiratory disorders.MethodsA prospective randomized controlled multicenter study was conducted. We enrolled 144 mechanically ventilated patients with chronic respiratory disorders who tolerated a spontaneous breathing trial. Patients were randomly allocated after extubation to receive either NIV (NIV group, n = 72), performed with a discontinuous approach, for the first 48 h, or conventional oxygen treatment (usual care group, n = 72). The primary endpoint was decreased respiratory failure within 48 h after extubation. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01047852).ResultsRespiratory failure after extubation was less frequent in the NIV group: 6 (8.5%) versus 20 (27.8%); p = 0.0016. Six patients (8.5%) in the NIV group versus 13 (18.1%) in the usual care group were reintubated; p = 0.09. Intensive care unit (ICU) mortality and 90-day mortality did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.28 and p = 0.33, respectively). Median postrandomization ICU length of stay was lower in the usual care group: 3 days (IQR 2-6) versus 4 days (IQR 2-7; p = 0.008). Patients with hypercapnia during a spontaneous breathing trial were at risk of developing postextubation respiratory failure [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) = 4.56 (1.59-14.00); p = 0.006] and being intubated [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) = 3.60 (1.07-13.31); p = 0.04].ConclusionsEarly NIV performed following a sequential protocol for the first 48 h after extubation decreased the risk of respiratory failure in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. Reintubation and mortality did not differ between NIV and conventional oxygen therapy.

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