• K J Peerdeman, van Laarhoven A I M AIM Unit Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands. Le, D J P Bartels, M L Peters, and Evers A W M AWM Unit Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands. Leiden Ins.
• Unit Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
• Eur J Pain. 2017 Sep 1; 21 (8): 1366-1377.

BackgroundPlacebo effects on pain are reliably observed in the literature. A core mechanism of these effects is response expectancies. Response expectancies can be formed by instructions, prior experiences and observation of others. Whether mental imagery of a response can also induce placebo-like expectancy effects on pain has not yet been studied systematically.MethodsIn Study 1, 80 healthy participants were randomly allocated to (i) response imagery or (ii) control imagery. In Study 2, 135 healthy participants were randomly allocated to (i) response imagery with a verbal suggestion regarding its effectiveness, (ii) response imagery only, or (iii) no intervention. In both studies, expected and experienced pain during cold pressor tests were measured pre- and post-intervention, along with psychological and physiological measures.ResultsParticipants rated pain as less intense after response imagery than after control imagery in Study 1 (p = 0.044, ηp2 = 0.054) and as less intense after response imagery (with or without verbal suggestion) than after no imagery in Study 2 (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.154). Adding a verbal suggestion did not affect pain (p = 0.068, ηp2 = 0.038). The effects of response imagery on experienced pain were mediated by expected pain.ConclusionsThus, in line with research on placebo effects, the current findings indicate that response imagery can induce analgesia, via its effects on response expectancies.SignificanceThe reported studies extend research on placebo effects by demonstrating that mental imagery of reduced pain can induce placebo-like expectancy effects on pain.© 2017 The Authors. European Journal of Pain published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Pain Federation - EFIC®.

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