• Evans K H Brown, Kathleen A Harder, Ioanna Apostolidou, Joyce A Wahr, Douglas C Shook, R Saeid Farivar, Tjorvi E Perry, and Mojca R Konia.
• From the *University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; †Center for Design in Health, College of Design and ‡Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; §Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and ‖Department of Cardiac Surgery and ¶Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology American Anesthesia of Minnesota, Minneapolis Heart Institute at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
• Anesth. Analg. 2017 Jul 1; 125 (1): 29-37.

BackgroundThe cardiac operating room is a complex environment requiring efficient and effective communication between multiple disciplines. The objectives of this study were to identify and rank critical time points during the perioperative care of cardiac surgical patients, and to assess variability in responses, as a correlate of a shared mental model, regarding the importance of these time points between and within disciplines.MethodsUsing Delphi technique methodology, panelists from 3 institutions were tasked with developing a list of critical time points, which were subsequently assigned to pause point (PP) categories. Panelists then rated these PPs on a 100-point visual analog scale. Descriptive statistics were expressed as percentages, medians, and interquartile ranges (IQRs). We defined low response variability between panelists as an IQR ≤ 20, moderate response variability as an IQR > 20 and ≤ 40, and high response variability as an IQR > 40.ResultsPanelists identified a total of 12 PPs. The PPs identified by the highest number of panelists were (1) before surgical incision, (2) before aortic cannulation, (3) before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) initiation, (4) before CPB separation, and (5) at time of transfer of care from operating room (OR) to intensive care unit (ICU) staff. There was low variability among panelists' ratings of the PP "before surgical incision," moderate response variability for the PPs "before separation from CPB," "before transfer from OR table to bed," and "at time of transfer of care from OR to ICU staff," and high response variability for the remaining 8 PPs. In addition, the perceived importance of each of these PPs varies between disciplines and between institutions.ConclusionsCardiac surgical providers recognize distinct critical time points during cardiac surgery. However, there is a high degree of variability within and between disciplines as to the importance of these times, suggesting an absence of a shared mental model among disciplines caring for cardiac surgical patients during the perioperative period. A lack of a shared mental model could be one of the factors contributing to preventable errors in cardiac operating rooms.

This article appears in the collection: Decision Making in Anaesthesia & Critical Care.

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