• Dino J Ravnic, Ashley N Leberfinger, Srinivas V Koduru, Monika Hospodiuk, Kazim K Moncal, Pallab Datta, Madhuri Dey, Elias Rizk, and Ibrahim T Ozbolat.
• *Department of Surgery, Penn State University, Hershey, PA†Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA‡Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA§Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India¶Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA||Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University, Hershey, PA**Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA††Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA.
• Ann. Surg. 2017 Jul 1; 266 (1): 48-58.

Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a revolutionary technology in building living tissues and organs with precise anatomic control and cellular composition. Despite the great progress in bioprinting research, there has yet to be any clinical translation due to current limitations in building human-scale constructs, which are vascularized and readily implantable. In this article, we review the current limitations and challenges in 3D bioprinting, including in situ techniques, which are one of several clinical translational models to facilitate the application of this technology from bench to bedside. A detailed discussion is made on the technical barriers in the fabrication of scalable constructs that are vascularized, autologous, functional, implantable, cost-effective, and ethically feasible. Clinical considerations for implantable bioprinted tissues are further expounded toward the correction of end-stage organ dysfunction and composite tissue deficits.

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