• Jarrod D Predina, Andrew D Newton, Jane Keating, Eduardo M Barbosa, Olugbenga Okusanya, Leilei Xia, Ashley Dunbar, Courtney Connolly, Michael P Baldassari, Jack Mizelle, Edward J Delikatny, John C Kucharczuk, Charuhas Deshpande, Sumith A Kularatne, Phillip Low, Jeffrey Drebin, and Sunil Singhal.
• *Center for Precision Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA †Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ‡Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA §Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ¶Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ||Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA **Department of Chemistry, and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN ††On Target Laboratories, West Lafayette, IN.
• Ann. Surg. 2017 Sep 1; 266 (3): 479488479-488.

ObjectiveTo determine if intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) can improve detection of malignant pulmonary nodules.Background18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) is commonly utilized in preoperative assessment of patients with solid malignancies; however, false negatives and false positives remain major limitations. Using patients with pulmonary nodules as a study model, we hypothesized that IMI with a folate receptor targeted near-infrared contrast agent (OTL38) can improve malignant pulmonary nodule identification when combined with PET.MethodsFifty patients with pulmonary nodules with imaging features suspicious for malignancy underwent preoperative PET. Patients then received OTL38 before pulmonary resection. During resection, IMI was utilized to evaluate known pulmonary nodules and identify synchronous lesions. Tumor size, PET standardized uptake value, and IMI tumor-to-background ratios were compared for known and synchronous nodules via paired and unpaired t tests, when appropriate. Test characteristics of PET and IMI with OTL38 were compared.ResultsIMI identified 56 of 59 (94.9%) malignant pulmonary nodules identified by preoperative imaging. IMI located an additional 9 malignant lesions not identified preoperatively. Nodules only detected by IMI were smaller than nodules detected preoperatively (0.5 vs 2.4 cm; P < 0.01), but displayed similar fluorescence (tumor-to-background ratio 3.3 and 3.1; P = 0.50). Sensitivity of IMI and PET were 95.6% and 73.5% (P = 0.001), respectively; and positive predictive values were 94.2% and 89.3%, respectively (P > 0.05). Additionally, utilization of IMI clinically upstaged 6 (12%) subjects and improved management of 15 (30%) subjects.ConclusionsThese data suggest that combining IMI with PET may provide superior oncologic outcomes for patients with resectable lung cancer.

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