• Michael L Jackson, Jessie R Chung, Lisa A Jackson, C Hallie Phillips, Joyce Benoit, Arnold S Monto, Emily T Martin, Edward A Belongia, Huong Q McLean, Manjusha Gaglani, Kempapura Murthy, Richard Zimmerman, Mary P Nowalk, Alicia M Fry, and Brendan Flannery.
• From the Group Health Research Institute (now Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute), Seattle (M.L.J., L.A.J., C.H.P., J.B.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (J.R.C., A.M.F., B.F.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (A.S.M., E.T.M.); Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield WI (E.A.B., H.Q.M.); Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple (M.G., K.M.); and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (R.Z., M.P.N.).
• N. Engl. J. Med. 2017 Aug 10; 377 (6): 534543534-543.

BackgroundThe A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strain used in the live attenuated influenza vaccine was changed for the 2015-2016 influenza season because of its lack of effectiveness in young children in 2013-2014. The Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network evaluated the effect of this change as part of its estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in 2015-2016.MethodsWe enrolled patients 6 months of age or older who presented with acute respiratory illness at ambulatory care clinics in geographically diverse U.S. sites. Using a test-negative design, we estimated vaccine effectiveness as (1-OR)×100, in which OR is the odds ratio for testing positive for influenza virus among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants. Separate estimates were calculated for the inactivated vaccines and the live attenuated vaccine.ResultsAmong 6879 eligible participants, 1309 (19%) tested positive for influenza virus, predominantly for A(H1N1)pdm09 (11%) and influenza B (7%). The effectiveness of the influenza vaccine against any influenza illness was 48% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41 to 55; P<0.001). Among children 2 to 17 years of age, the inactivated influenza vaccine was 60% effective (95% CI, 47 to 70; P<0.001), and the live attenuated vaccine was not observed to be effective (vaccine effectiveness, 5%; 95% CI, -47 to 39; P=0.80). Vaccine effectiveness against A(H1N1)pdm09 among children was 63% (95% CI, 45 to 75; P<0.001) for the inactivated vaccine, as compared with -19% (95% CI, -113 to 33; P=0.55) for the live attenuated vaccine.ConclusionsInfluenza vaccines reduced the risk of influenza illness in 2015-2016. However, the live attenuated vaccine was found to be ineffective among children in a year with substantial inactivated vaccine effectiveness. Because the 2016-2017 A(H1N1)pdm09 strain used in the live attenuated vaccine was unchanged from 2015-2016, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices made an interim recommendation not to use the live attenuated influenza vaccine for the 2016-2017 influenza season. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health.).

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