• Eleftherios P Mamounas, Thorsten Kuehn, RutgersEmiel J TEJTNetherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands., and Gunter von Minckwitz.
• University of Florida Health Cancer Center-Orlando Health, and University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. Electronic address: terry.mamounas@orlandohealth.com.
• Lancet. 2017 Aug 14.

AbstractThe surgical approach of the axilla in patients with early-stage breast cancer has witnessed considerable evolution during the past 25 years. The previously undisputed gold standard of axillary-lymph-node dissection for staging has now been replaced by sentinel-lymph-node biopsy for patients with clinically negative axilla. For selected patients with limited sentinel-lymph-node involvement, completion axillary-lymph-node dissection can be omitted or replaced by axillary radiotherapy, reducing morbidity. The clinical interest of axillary staging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is increasing and this approach might contribute to morbidity reduction, and to the further tailoring of future systemic and locoregional treatment decisions by response assessment. Refinement of the sentinel-lymph-node biopsy technique might overcome the slightly impaired success rates in this setting. New techniques for lymphatic mapping attempt to further simplify the procedure. In view of the declining influence of axillary nodal status on adjuvant therapy decision-making, ongoing clinical trials will evaluate whether sentinel-lymph-node biopsy can be avoided altogether in selected patients.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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