• Brian F Gage, Anne R Bass, Hannah Lin, Scott C Woller, Scott M Stevens, Noor Al-Hammadi, Juan Li, Tomás Rodríguez, J Philip Miller, Gwendolyn A McMillin, Robert C Pendleton, Amir K Jaffer, Cristi R King, Brandi DeVore Whipple, Rhonda Porche-Sorbet, Lynnae Napoli, Kerri Merritt, Anna M Thompson, Gina Hyun, Jeffrey L Anderson, Wesley Hollomon, Robert L Barrack, Ryan M Nunley, Gerard Moskowitz, Victor Dávila-Román, and Charles S Eby.
• Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
• JAMA. 2017 Sep 26; 318 (12): 1115-1124.

ImportanceWarfarin use accounts for more medication-related emergency department visits among older patients than any other drug. Whether genotype-guided warfarin dosing can prevent these adverse events is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine whether genotype-guided dosing improves the safety of warfarin initiation.Design, Setting, And PatientsThe randomized clinical Genetic Informatics Trial (GIFT) of Warfarin to Prevent Deep Vein Thrombosis included patients aged 65 years or older initiating warfarin for elective hip or knee arthroplasty and was conducted at 6 US medical centers. Enrollment began in April 2011 and follow-up concluded in October 2016.InterventionsPatients were genotyped for the following polymorphisms: VKORC1-1639G>A, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and CYP4F2 V433M. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, patients were randomized to genotype-guided (n = 831) or clinically guided (n = 819) warfarin dosing on days 1 through 11 of therapy and to a target international normalized ratio (INR) of either 1.8 or 2.5. The recommended doses of warfarin were open label, but the patients and clinicians were blinded to study group assignment.Main Outcomes And MeasuresThe primary end point was the composite of major bleeding, INR of 4 or greater, venous thromboembolism, or death. Patients underwent a screening lower-extremity duplex ultrasound approximately 1 month after arthroplasty.ResultsAmong 1650 randomized patients (mean age, 72.1 years [SD, 5.4 years]; 63.6% women; 91.0% white), 1597 (96.8%) received at least 1 dose of warfarin therapy and completed the trial (n = 808 in genotype-guided group vs n = 789 in clinically guided group). A total of 87 patients (10.8%) in the genotype-guided group vs 116 patients (14.7%) in the clinically guided warfarin dosing group met at least 1 of the end points (absolute difference, 3.9% [95% CI, 0.7%-7.2%], P = .02; relative rate [RR], 0.73 [95% CI, 0.56-0.95]). The numbers of individual events in the genotype-guided group vs the clinically guided group were 2 vs 8 for major bleeding (RR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.05-1.15), 56 vs 77 for INR of 4 or greater (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51-0.99), 33 vs 38 for venous thromboembolism (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.54-1.34), and there were no deaths.Conclusions And RelevanceAmong patients undergoing elective hip or knee arthroplasty and treated with perioperative warfarin, genotype-guided warfarin dosing, compared with clinically guided dosing, reduced the combined risk of major bleeding, INR of 4 or greater, venous thromboembolism, or death. Further research is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of personalized warfarin dosing.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01006733.

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