• J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci · Jan 2017

    Cognitive Reserve as a Modifier of Clinical Expression in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Preliminary Examination.

    • Michael L Alosco, Jesse Mez, Neil W Kowall, Thor D Stein, Lee E Goldstein, Robert C Cantu, Douglas I Katz, Todd M Solomon, Patrick T Kiernan, Lauren Murphy, Bobak Abdolmohammadi, Daniel Daneshvar, Philip H Montenigro, Christopher J Nowinski, Robert A Stern, and Ann C McKee.
    • From Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (MLA, JM, NWK, TDS, LEG, RCC, TMS, PTK, LM, BA, DD, PHM, CJN, RAS, ACM); the Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (MLA, JM, NWK, TDS, LEG, DIK, TMS, PTK, LM, BA, DD, PHM, RAS, ACM); Internal Medicine Department, North Shore Medical Center (DD); the VA Boston Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Boston (NWK, TDS, ACM); the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (NWK, TDS, ACM); the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Mass. (TDS, ACM); the Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (LEG); the Departments of Biomedical, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University College of Engineering, Boston (LEG); the Concussion Legacy Foundation (RCC, CJN); the Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (RAS); the Department of Neurosurgery, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Mass. (RCC); Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, Mass. (DIK); and the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (PHM, RAS).
    • J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017 Jan 1; 29 (1): 6-12.

    AbstractThis study conducted a preliminary examination on cognitive reserve (CR) as a modifier of symptom expression in subjects with autopsy-confirmed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The sample included 25 former professional football players neuropathologically diagnosed with CTE stage III or IV. Next of kin interviews ascertained age at cognitive and behavioral/mood symptom onset and demographic/athletic characteristics. Years of education and occupational attainment defined CR. High occupational achievement predicted later age at cognitive (p=0.02) and behavioral/mood (p=0.02) onset. Education was not an individual predictor. These preliminary findings suggest that CR may forestall the clinical manifestation of CTE.

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