• Vanlapa Arnuntasupakul, Theerawat Chalachewa, Prangmalee Leurcharusmee, Worakamol Tiyaprasertkul, Roderick J Finlayson, and De Q Tran.
• From the Department of Anaesthesia, Mahidol University, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (VA, TC), Department of Anaesthesia, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand (PL, WT) and Department of Anaesthesia, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada (RJF, DQT).
• Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018 Mar 1; 35 (3): 224-230.

BackgroundUltrasound-guided lumbar plexus blocks usually require confirmatory neurostimulation. A simpler alternative is to inject local anaesthetic inside the posteromedial quadrant of the psoas muscle under ultrasound guidance.ObjectiveWe hypothesised that both techniques would result in similar total anaesthesia time, defined as the sum of performance and onset time.DesignA randomised, observer-blinded, equivalence trial.SettingRamathibodi Hospital and Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital (Thailand) from 12 May 2016 to 10 January 2017.PatientsA total of 110 patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty, who required lumbar plexus block for postoperative analgesia.InterventionIn the combined ultrasonography-neurostimulation group, quadriceps-evoked motor response was sought at a current between 0.2 and 0.8 mA prior to local anaesthetic injection (30 ml of lidocaine 1% and levobupivacaine 0.25% with epinephrine 5 μg ml and 5 mg of dexamethasone). In the ultrasound guidance alone group, local anaesthetic was simply injected inside the posteromedial quadrant of the psoas muscle.Main Outcomes MeasuresWe measured the total anaesthesia time, the success rate (at 30 min), the number of needle passes, block-related pain, cumulative opioid consumption (at 24 h) and adverse events (vascular puncture, paraesthesia, local anaesthetic spread to the epidural space). The equivalence margin was 7.4 min.ResultsCompared with ultrasound guidance alone, combined ultrasonography-neurostimulation resulted in decreased mean (±SD) total anaesthesia time [15.3 (±6.5) vs. 20.1 (±9.0) min; mean difference, -4.8; 95% confidence interval, -8.1 to -1.9; P = 0.005] and mean (±SD) onset time [10.2 (±5.6) vs. 15.5 (±9.0) min; P = 0.004). No inter-group differences were observed in terms of success rate, performance time, number of needle passes, block-related pain, opioid consumption or adverse events.ConclusionAlthough the ultrasonography-neurostimulation technique results in a shorter total anaesthesia time compared with ultrasound guidance alone, this difference falls within our accepted equivalence margin (±7.4 min).Trial Registrationwww.clinicaltrials in the (Study ID: TCTR20160427003).

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