• Kimberly A Smith-Jentsch, Kurt Kraiger, Janis A Cannon-Bowers, and Eduardo Salas.
• Psychology Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-1390, USA. kjentsch@mail.ucf.edu
• Hum Factors. 2009 Apr 1; 51 (2): 181-92.

ObjectiveThe present study investigated factors that explain when and why different groups of teammates are more likely to request and accept backup from one another when needed in an environment characterized by extreme time pressure and severe consequences of error: commercial air traffic control (ATC).BackgroundTransactive memory theory states that teammates develop consensus regarding the distribution of their relative expertise as well as confidence in that expertise over time and that this facilitates coordination processes. The present study investigated whether this theory could help to explain between-team differences in requesting and accepting backup when needed.MethodThe present study used cross-sectional data collected from 51 commercial ATC teams. Hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis.ResultsTeammates with greater experience working together requested and accepted backup from one another more than those with lesser experience working together. Teammate knowledge consensus and perceived team efficacy appear to have mediated this relationship.ConclusionTransactive memory theory extends to high-stress environments in which members' expertise is highly overlapping. Teammates' shared mental models about one another increase the likelihood that they will request and accept backup.ApplicationTeammate familiarity should be considered when choosing among potential replacement team members. Training strategies that accelerate the development of teammate knowledge consensus and team efficacy are warranted.

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