• Jan Baekelandt, Peter A De Mulder, Ilse Le Roy, Chantal Mathieu, Annouschka Laenen, Paul Enzlin, Steven Weyers, Ben W J Mol, and Jan J A Bosteels.
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imelda Hospital, Imeldalaan 9, 2820, Bonheiden, Belgium.
• Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2017 Jan 1; 208: 6-15.

ObjectiveTo critically appraise studies comparing benefits and harms in women with benign disease without prolapse undergoing hysterectomy by natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) versus laparoscopy.Study DesignWe followed the PRISMA guidelines. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs) and cohort studies comparing NOTES with laparoscopy assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) or total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) in women bound to undergo removal of a non-prolapsed uterus for benign disease. Two authors searched and selected studies, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias independently. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion or arbitration.ResultsWe did not find RCTs but retrieved two retrospective cohort studies comparing NOTES with LAVH. The study quality as assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was acceptable. Both studies reported no conversions. The operative time in women treated by NOTES was shorter compared to LAVH: the mean difference (MD) was -22.04min (95% CI -28.00min to -16.08min; 342 women; 2 studies). There were no differences for complications in women treated by NOTES compared to LAVH: the risk ratio (RR) was 0.57 (95% CI 0.17-1.91; 342 women; 2 studies). The length of stay was shorter in women treated by NOTES versus LAVH: the MD was -0.42days (95% CI -0.59days to -0.25days; 342 women; 2 studies). There were no differences for the median VAS scores at 12h between women treated by NOTES (median 2, range 0-6) or by LAVH (median 2, range 0-6) (48 women, 1 study). There were no differences in the median additional analgesic dose request in women treated by NOTES (median 0, range 0-6) or by LAVH (median 1, range 0-5) (48 women, 1 study). The hospital charges for treatment by NOTES were higher compared to LAVH: the mean difference was 137.00 € (95% CI 88.95-185.05 €; 294 women; 1 study).ConclusionsAt the present NOTES should be considered as a technique under evaluation for use in gynaecological surgery. RCTs are needed to demonstrate its effectiveness.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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