• Adriana Coelho, Vítor Parola, Daniela Cardoso, Miguel Escobar Bravo, and João Apóstolo.
• 1Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 2Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 3Department of Nursing, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain; GRECS Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida, Lledia, Spain 4Portugal Centre for Evidence Based Practice: a Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence.
• JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017 Jul 1; 15 (7): 1867-1904.

BackgroundPalliative care aims to provide the maximum possible comfort to people with advanced and incurable diseases. The use of non-pharmacological interventions to promote comfort in palliative care settings has been increasing.However, information on implemented and evaluated interventions, their characteristics, contexts of application, and population is scattered in the literature, hampering the formulation of accurate questions on the effectiveness of those interventions and, consequently, the development of a systematic review.ObjectiveThe objective of this scoping review is to examine and map the non-pharmacological interventions implemented and evaluated to provide comfort in palliative care.Inclusion Criteria Types Of ParticipantsThis scoping review considered all studies that focused on patients with advanced and incurable diseases, aged 18 years or older, assisted by palliative care teams.ConceptThis scoping review considered all studies that addressed non-pharmacological interventions implemented and evaluated to provide comfort for patients with advanced and incurable diseases.It considered non-pharmacological interventions implemented to provide not only comfort but also well-being, and relief of pain, suffering, anxiety, depression, stress and fatigue which are comfort-related concepts.ContextThis scoping review considered all non-pharmacological interventions implemented and evaluated in the context of palliative care. This included home care, hospices or palliative care units (PCUs).Types Of SourcesThis scoping review considered quantitative and qualitative studies, and systematic reviews.Search StrategyA three-step search strategy was undertaken: 1) an initial limited search of CINAHL and MEDLINE; 2) an extensive search using all identified keywords and index terms across all included databases; and 3) a hand search of the reference lists of included articles.This review was limited to studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese in any year.Extraction Of ResultsA data extraction instrument was developed. Two reviewers extracted data independently. Any disagreements that arose between the reviewers were resolved through discussion, or with a third reviewer. When necessary, primary authors were contacted for further information/clarification of data.Presentation Of ResultsEighteen studies were included covering 10 non-pharmacological interventions implemented and evaluated to provide comfort. The interventions included one to 14 sessions. The interventions lasted between five and 60 minutes. Most of the interventions were implemented in PCUs and hospice settings. Ten of the 18 interventions were implemented and evaluated exclusively in cancer patients.ConclusionsTen non-pharmacological interventions were identified, of which the most common were music therapy and massage therapy. Their characteristics differed significantly across interventions and even in the same intervention. They were mostly implemented in palliative care units and hospices, and in patients with a cancer diagnosis. These data raise questions for future primary studies and systematic reviews.Implications For ResearchFuture research should focus on the implementation of interventions not only with cancer patients but also with non-cancer patients and patients receiving palliative care at home. Systematic reviews on the effect of massage therapy and music therapy should be conducted.

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