• Alexander R Lyon, Nadia Yousaf, Nicolò M L Battisti, Javid Moslehi, and James Larkin.
• Cardio-Oncology Service, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: a.lyon@ic.ac.uk.
• Lancet Oncol. 2018 Sep 1; 19 (9): e447-e458.

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors are a new class of anticancer therapies that amplify T-cell-mediated immune responses against cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown important benefits in phase 3 trials, and several agents have been approved for specific malignancies. Although adverse events from immune checkpoint inhibitors are a common occurrence, cardiotoxic effects are uncommon, but are often serious complications with a relatively high mortality. Most cardiotoxic effects appear to be inflammatory in nature. Clinical assessment of a combination of biomarkers, electrocardiography, cardiac imaging, and endomyocardial biopsy can be used to confirm a possible diagnosis. In this Review, we discuss the epidemiology of immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated cardiotoxic effects, as well as their clinical presentation, subtypes, risk factors, pathophysiology, and clinical management, including the introduction of a new surveillance strategy.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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