• Ayodeji Adegunsoye, Justin M Oldham, Catherine Bonham, Cara Hrusch, Paul Nolan, Wesley Klejch, Shashi Bellam, Uday Mehta, Kiran Thakrar, Janelle Vu Pugashetti, Aliya N Husain, Steven M Montner, Christopher M Straus, Rekha Vij, Anne I Sperling, Imre Noth, Mary E Strek, and Jonathan H Chung.
• 1 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine.
• Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2019 Mar 15; 199 (6): 747759747-759.

RationaleMediastinal lymph node (MLN) enlargement on chest computed tomography (CT) is prevalent in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and may reflect immunologic activation and subsequent cytokine-mediated immune cell trafficking.ObjectivesWe aimed to determine whether MLN enlargement on chest CT predicts clinical outcomes and circulating cytokine levels in ILD.MethodsMLN measurements were obtained from chest CT scans of patients with ILD at baseline evaluation over a 10-year period. Patients with sarcoidosis and drug toxicity-related ILD were excluded. MLN diameter and location were assessed. Plasma cytokine levels were analyzed in a subset of patients. The primary outcome was transplant-free survival (TFS). Secondary outcomes included all-cause and respiratory hospitalizations, lung function, and plasma cytokine concentrations. Cox regression was used to assess mortality risk. Outcomes were assessed in three independent ILD cohorts.Measurements And Main ResultsChest CT scans were assessed in 1,094 patients (mean age, 64 yr; 52% male). MLN enlargement (≥10 mm) was present in 66% (n = 726) and strongly predicted TFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-2.10; P = 0.008) and risk of all-cause and respiratory hospitalizations (internal rate of return [IRR], 1.52; 95% CI, 1.17-1.98; P = 0.002; and IRR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.15-2.53; P = 0.008, respectively) when compared with subjects with MLN <10 mm. Patients with MLN enlargement had lower lung function and decreased plasma concentrations of soluble CD40L (376 pg/ml vs. 505 pg/ml, P = 0.001) compared with those without MLN enlargement. Plasma IL-10 concentration >45 pg/ml predicted mortality (HR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.21-14.68; P = 0.024). Independent analysis of external datasets confirmed these findings.ConclusionsMLN enlargement predicts TFS and hospitalization risk in ILD and is associated with decreased levels of a key circulating cytokine, soluble CD40L. Incorporating MLN and cytokine findings into current prediction models might improve ILD prognostication.

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