• Thomas L Holland, Issam Raad, Helen W Boucher, Deverick J Anderson, Sara E Cosgrove, P Suzanne Aycock, John W Baddley, Anne-Marie Chaftari, Shein-Chung Chow, Vivian H Chu, Manuela Carugati, Paul Cook, G Ralph Corey, Anna Lisa Crowley, Jennifer Daly, Jiezhun Gu, Ray Hachem, James Horton, Timothy C Jenkins, Donald Levine, Jose M Miro, Juan M Pericas, Paul Riska, Zachary Rubin, Mark E Rupp, John Schrank, Matthew Sims, Dannah Wray, Marcus Zervos, Vance G Fowler, and Staphylococcal Bacteremia Investigators.
• Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
• JAMA. 2018 Sep 25; 320 (12): 1249-1258.

ImportanceThe appropriate duration of antibiotics for staphylococcal bacteremia is unknown.ObjectiveTo test whether an algorithm that defines treatment duration for staphylococcal bacteremia vs standard of care provides noninferior efficacy without increasing severe adverse events.Design, Setting, And ParticipantsA randomized trial involving adults with staphylococcal bacteremia was conducted at 16 academic medical centers in the United States (n = 15) and Spain (n = 1) from April 2011 to March 2017. Patients were followed up for 42 days beyond end of therapy for those with Staphylococcus aureus and 28 days for those with coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Eligible patients were 18 years or older and had 1 or more blood cultures positive for S aureus or coagulase-negative staphylococci. Patients were excluded if they had known or suspected complicated infection at the time of randomization.InterventionsPatients were randomized to algorithm-based therapy (n = 255) or usual practice (n = 254). Diagnostic evaluation, antibiotic selection, and duration of therapy were predefined for the algorithm group, whereas clinicians caring for patients in the usual practice group had unrestricted choice of antibiotics, duration, and other aspects of clinical care.Main Outcomes And MeasuresCoprimary outcomes were (1) clinical success, as determined by a blinded adjudication committee and tested for noninferiority within a 15% margin; and (2) serious adverse event rates in the intention-to-treat population, tested for superiority. The prespecified secondary outcome measure, tested for superiority, was antibiotic days among per-protocol patients with simple or uncomplicated bacteremia.ResultsAmong the 509 patients randomized (mean age, 56.6 [SD, 16.8] years; 226 [44.4%] women), 480 (94.3%) completed the trial. Clinical success was documented in 209 of 255 patients assigned to algorithm-based therapy and 207 of 254 randomized to usual practice (82.0% vs 81.5%; difference, 0.5% [1-sided 97.5% CI, -6.2% to ∞]). Serious adverse events were reported in 32.5% of algorithm-based therapy patients and 28.3% of usual practice patients (difference, 4.2% [95% CI, -3.8% to 12.2%]). Among per-protocol patients with simple or uncomplicated bacteremia, mean duration of therapy was 4.4 days for algorithm-based therapy vs 6.2 days for usual practice (difference, -1.8 days [95% CI, -3.1 to -0.6]).Conclusions And RelevanceAmong patients with staphylococcal bacteremia, the use of an algorithm to guide testing and treatment compared with usual care resulted in a noninferior rate of clinical success. Rates of serious adverse events were not significantly different, but interpretation is limited by wide confidence intervals. Further research is needed to assess the utility of the algorithm.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01191840.

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