• Csilla Ari, Zsolt Kovács, Cem Murdun, Andrew P Koutnik, Craig R Goldhagen, Christopher Rogers, David Diamond, and Dominic P D'Agostino.
• Department of Psychology, Hyperbaric Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, PCD3127, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA. csari2000@yahoo.com.
• BMC Anesthesiol. 2018 Jul 18; 18 (1): 85.

BackgroundKetogenic diet (KD) and exogenous ketone supplements can evoke sustained ketosis, which may modulate sleep and sleep-like effects. However, no studies have been published examining the effect of ketosis on the onset of general isoflurane induced anesthesia. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the KD and different exogenous ketogenic supplements on the onset of akinesia induced by inhalation of isoflurane.MethodsWe used a high fat, medium protein and low carbohydrate diet (KD) chronically (10 weeks) in the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) deficiency (G1D) syndrome mice model and sub-chronically (7 days) in Sprague-Dawley (SPD) rats. To investigate the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anesthetic induction we also provided either 1) a standard rodent chow diet (SD) mixed with 20% ketone salt supplement (KS), or 2) SD mixed with 20% ketone ester supplement (KE; 1,3 butanediol-acetoacetate diester) to G1D mice for 10 weeks. Additionally, SPD rats and Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats were fed the SD, which was supplemented by oral gavage of KS or KE for 7 days (SPD rats: 5 g/kg body weight/day; WAG/Rij rats: 2.5 g/kg body weight/day). After these treatments (10 weeks for the mice, and 7 days for the rats) isoflurane (3%) was administered in an anesthesia chamber, and the time until anesthetic induction (time to immobility) was measured. Blood ketone levels were measured after anesthetic induction and correlation was calculated for blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and anesthesia latency.ResultsBoth KD and exogenous ketone supplementation increased blood ketone levels and delayed the onset of isoflurane-induced immobility in all investigated rodent models, showing positive correlation between the two measurements. These results demonstrate that elevated blood ketone levels by either KD or exogenous ketones delayed the onset of isoflurane-induced anesthesia in these animal models.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that ketone levels might affect surgical anesthetic needs, or could potentially decrease or delay effects of other narcotic gases.

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