• Baljit Cheema, Tyson Welzel, and Beyra Rossouw.
• Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
• Pediatr Crit Care Me. 2019 Jan 1; 20 (1): 9-18.

ObjectivesNoninvasive ventilation is increasingly used in neonatal and pediatric patients, but the intensive care transport setting is lagging in terms of availability of noninvasive ventilation for children. The objective of this systematic review of the literature was to answer the question: In children 0 days to 18 years old, who are hospitalized with acute respiratory distress and require critical care transport, is noninvasive ventilation effective and safe during transport?Data SourcesMEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE (via Scopus), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, African Index Medicus, Web of Science Citation Index, and the World Health Organization Trials Registry.Study SelectionTwo reviewers independently reviewed all identified studies for eligibility and quality.Data ExtractionData were extracted independently by two reviewers using piloted data extraction forms.Data SynthesisData were not synthesized due to nature of studies included.ResultsA total of 1,287 records were identified; no randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials were found. Eight observational studies, enrolling 858 patients were included, of these 60.4% were neonatal ICU and 39.6% were nonneonatal ICU patient transports. The mode of noninvasive ventilation during transport was continuous positive airway pressure in seven studies (708 patients) and high-flow nasal cannula in one study (150 patients). During transport on noninvasive ventilation, three of 858 patients (0.4%) required either intubation or escalation of noninvasive ventilation. In the 24 hours following transfer, 63 of 650 children (10%) transferred on noninvasive ventilation were intubated. The odds of intubation within 24 hours were significantly higher for continuous positive airway pressure transfer 60 of 500 (12%) compared with high-flow nasal cannula three of 150 (2%): odds ratio (95% CI) 6.68 (2.40-18.63), p value equals to 0.00003. Minor adverse events occurred in 1-4% of noninvasive ventilation transports.ConclusionsThis review found observational study evidence of a rate of intubation or escalation of 0.4% during noninvasive ventilation transport of children 0-18 years old, with an in-transport adverse event rate of 1-4%. Further studies are required. If randomized trials are not possible, it is suggested that well-conducted observational studies are reported in a more standardized manner.

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